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1 this constitutes the subject matter of physics
Математика: это составляет предмет физикиУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > this constitutes the subject matter of physics
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2 constitute
transitive verb2) (make up) bilden; begründen [Anspruch]3) (establish) gründen [Partei, Organisation]* * *['konstitju:t]- academic.ru/15511/constitution">constitution- constitutional
- constitutionally* * *con·sti·tute[ˈkɒn(t)stɪtju:t, AM ˈkɑ:n(t)stətu:t]vt▪ to \constitute sth1. (make up) etw ausmachenwomen \constitute about ten percent of Parliament etwa zehn Prozent der Parlamentsmitglieder sind Frauento \constitute a threat to sth eine Bedrohung für etw akk darstellen [o sein3. (establish) etw einrichten* * *['kɒnstɪtjuːt]vt1) (= make up) bilden, ausmachensociety is so constituted that... — die Gesellschaft ist so aufgebaut, dass...
2) (= amount to) darstellen4) (form: appoint) ernennen or bestimmen zuhe constituted himself my bodyguard — er spielte meinen Leibwächter
* * *constitute sb a judge jemanden als Richter einsetzen oder zum Richter ernennen;constitute o.s. a judge of sich zum Richter aufwerfen über (akk)2. ein Gesetz erlassen, in Kraft setzen3. einrichten, gründen, konstituieren:constitute a committee einen Ausschuss einsetzen;they constituted themselves a committee sie konstituierten sich als Ausschuss;the constituted authorities die verfassungsmäßigen Behörden4. ausmachen, bilden, darstellen:this constitutes a precedent dies stellt einen Präzedenzfall dar;be so constituted that … so beschaffen sein, dass …* * *transitive verb1) (form, be) sein2) (make up) bilden; begründen [Anspruch]3) (establish) gründen [Partei, Organisation]* * *v.einsetzen v.erzeugen v. -
3 constitute
['konstitju:t](to form; to make up; to be: Nuclear waste constitutes a serious danger.) constituir- constitutional
- constitutionally* * *con.sti.tute[k'ɔnstitju:t] vt 1 constituir, fazer parte de, compreender, formar, compor. 2 eleger, nomear, constituir. 3 estabelecer, instituir. this constitutes a precedent / isto constitui um precedente. 4 promulgar, decretar. to be constituted ser constituído de. -
4 Slasher Sizing Machine
This is a large machine used in cotton manufacturing for coating the warp yarn with a size mixture. The required number of beams, four to eight, to make the complete warp are placed in the beam creel at the back of the machine. All the threads from these beams are drawn together into one sheet of ends, passed through the size box, between squeezing rollers, dried by hot cylinders or hot air, then passed round a measuring roller on to the weaver's beam at the front. Each back beam contains about 500 threads and lengths vary up to 12,000 yards or more according to counts. This constitutes a " taper's set."Dictionary of the English textile terms > Slasher Sizing Machine
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5 continuum
kb. rangkaian kesatuan. This constitutes part of a c. Ini merupakan sebagian dari rangkaian kesatuan. -
6 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
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7 Cotton (Peru)
Peru produces on an average about 250,000 bales of cotton per annum. There are three varieties grown very different from each other in their general characteristics Peruvian Sea Islands - This is an inferior Sea Islands cotton; and though it has a fairly long staple and a silky appearance it is more irregular, both as to colour and length of staple than the pure Sea Islands grown in the United States It has a length of about 13/8-in Rough Peruvian - This is a harsh wiry cotton, with a staple of about 11/4-in. It is an indigenous variety, and is the product of a perennial plant, which attains a height of about 10 feet. On account of its very harsh fibre this cotton is used chiefly or mixing with wool, with which it has some properties in common Smooth Peruvian - Smooth Peruvian is a soft class of cotton, very similar to American from which cotton it is not improbably descended. It constitutes about 70 per cent of the crop. Staple 11/8-in. -
8 certificate of title
юр. свидетельство или сертификат (на право) собственностиThis certificate constitutes evidence of ownership in lieu of the certificate of title, surrendered to the motor vehicle administration upon issuance of this document. — Данное свидетельство подтверждает право владения вместо свидетельства о праве владения, сданного в управление автомобильного транспорта при оформлении документа.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > certificate of title
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9 in lieu
взамен, вместо (этого)This certificate constitutes evidence of ownership in lieu of the certificate of title, surrendered to the motor vehicle administration upon issuance of this document. — Данное свидетельство подтверждает право владения вместо свидетельства о праве владения, сданного в управление автомобильного транспорта при оформлении документа.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > in lieu
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10 issuance
оформление, выдача (визы и т. п.)This certificate constitutes evidence of ownership in lieu of the certificate of title, surrendered to the motor vehicle administration upon issuance of this document. — Данное свидетельство подтверждает право владения вместо свидетельства о праве владения, сданного в управление автомобильного транспорта при оформлении документа.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > issuance
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11 Chenille
An open edging for ladies' dress, of silk thread corded. It obtains its name from its resemblance to the convolutions of a hairy caterpillar, the Chenille of France. ———————— This is a term primarily applied to a fancy yarn which is made by weaving. The usual method of production is to arrange two pairs of leno threads in one dent of the reed, with a suitable space between, according to the thickness of the chenille yam required. The yarn can be white, mono-coloured or multi-coloured. In the latter case multiple boxes are required on the loom and are changed in accordance with the design desired. After weaving, the fabric is cut lengthways in the middle of the space between each group of four leno threads. This makes continuous chains of short tufts of weft pile and constitutes the chenille yarn. It is mostly used as weft for the production of table covers, hangings, dressing gowns, rugs, carpets, and as fancy yam effects in dress and other fabrics. -
12 Cognitivism
Cognitivism in psychology and philosophy is roughly the position that intelligent behavior can (only) be explained by appeal to internal "cognitive processes." (Haugeland, 1981a, p. 243)Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary effort drawing on psychology and linguistics, and philosophy. Emboldened by an apparent convergence of interests, some scientists in these fields have chosen not to reject mental functions out of hand as the behaviorists did. Instead, they have relied on the concept of mental representations and on a set of assumptions collectively called the functionalist positions. From this viewpoint, people behave according to knowledge made up of symbolic mental representations. Cognition consists of the manipulation of these symbols. Psychological phenomena are described in terms of functional processes.The efficacy of such processes resides in the possibility of interpreting items as symbols in an abstract and well-defined way, according to a set of unequivocal rules. Such a set of rules constitutes what is known as a syntax.The exercise of these syntactical rules is a form of computation.... Computation is assumed to be largely independent of the structure and the mode of development of the nervous system, just as a piece of computer software can run on different machines with different architectures and is thus "independent" of them....This point of view-called cognitivism by some-has had a great vogue and has prompted a burst of psychological work of great interest and value. Accompanying it have been a set of remarkable ideas.... I cannot overemphasize the degree to which these ideas or their variants pervade modern science.... But I must also add that the cognitivist enterprise rests on a set of unexamined assumptions. One of its most curious deficiencies is that it makes only marginal reference to the biological foundations that underlie the mechanisms it purports to explain. The result is a scientific deviation as great as that of the behaviorism it has attempted to supplant. (Edelman, 1992, pp. 13-14)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitivism
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13 linked liabilities
страх., брит. !"108. - (1) In subsection (4)(b) of section 432ZA of the Taxes Act 1988 (linked assets), for the words from ""the proportion which"" to the end there shall be substituted-" """ the proportion A/B where-" "A is the total of the linked liabilities of the company which are liabilities of the internal linked fund in which the asset is held and are referable to that category of business;" "B is the total of the linked liabilities of the company which are liabilities of that fund.""." """(6) In this section-" """internal linked fund"", in relation to an insurance company, means an account-" "(a) to which linked assets are appropriated by the company; and" "(b) which may be divided into units the value of which is determined by the company by reference to the value of those assets;" """linked liabilities"" means liabilities in respect of benefits to be determined by reference to the value of linked assets.""." """linked assets"" means, in relation to an insurance company, long term business assets of the company which are, for the time being, identified in the records of the company as being assets by reference to the value of which property linked benefits are to be determined;" """linked contract"" means a contract of insurance—" "(a) the effecting of which constitutes the carrying on of long term business; and" "(b) under which linked benefits (as defined by section 35A(4) of the Act) are payable to the policy holder;" "and ""non-linked contract"" shall be construed accordingly;" """long term business assets"" means assets of an insurance company which are, for the time being, identified as representing the long term fund or funds maintained by the company in respect of its long term business;" -
14 Combing
This term is used literally and denotes the combing of fibrous materials in sliver form by mechanically actuated combs, or by hand-operated combs. In general, the objects in combing are two, namely (1) to obtain the maximum parallelisation of the fibres, and (2) to remove impurities and undesired short fibres. Combing machines differ considerably in their action on fibres, and in practice the different types of combs are used in somewhat restricted fields. For combing cotton the Nasmith and Heilmann combs are principally used. In the United States of America the Whitin comb is much used. In all three of these machines successive rows of combs are set in cylinders, the material being presented for combing in the form of thin narrow laps, which after combing are formed into a sliver and coiled in a can. For combing wool, four types of comb are in use, namely, the Noble, Lister, Holden and Heilmann. Also see under each name. The combs of the Noble machine are in the form of pins set vertically in one large and two small circles with appropriate mechanism for dabbing the wool into the pins of the combs and means for drawing off the combed wool in a continuous sliver, which is wound into a ball and constitutes the " top " of the worsted trade. The machine has a high production and is suitable for use on a large variety of wools, particularly those of 4-in. to 8-in. staple. The Lister comb is specially suitable for long wools. The combing mechanism includes a gill-box and comb circle. The Holden comb is suitable for wools of 3-in. to 6-in. staple, and of 50's to 70's quality. The Heilmann, also known as the " rectilinear " comb, is used for short wools, say, up to about 2-in. staple, and when used for wool is arranged differently for feed and delivery than for combing cotton. It is becoming of increasing importance for combing short fibred wools for subsequent spinning into fine, full handling hosiery yarns. -
15 Schemata
Once we have accepted a configuration of schemata, the schemata themselves provide a richness that goes far beyond our observations.... In fact, once we have determined that a particular schema accounts for some event, we may not be able to determine which aspects of our beliefs are based on direct sensory information and which are merely consequences of our interpretation. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 38)Through most of its history, the notion of the schema has been rejected by mainstream experimental psychologists as being too vague. As a result, the concept of the schema was largely shunned until the mid-1970s. The concept was then revived by an attempt to offer more clearly specified interpretation of the schema in terms of explicitly specified computer implementations or, similarly, formally specified implementations of the concept. Thus, Minsky (1975) postulated the concept of the frame, Schank and Abelson (1977) focused on the concept of the script, and Bobrow and Norman (1975) and Rumelhart (1975) developed an explicit notion of the schema. Although the details differed in each case, the idea was essentially the same.... Minsky and the others argued that some higher-level "suprasentential" or, more simply, conceptual structure is needed to represent the complex relations implicit in our knowledge base. The basic idea is that schemata are data structures for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata for generalized concepts underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions, and sequences of actions. Roughly, schemata are like models of the outside world. To process information with the use of a schema is to determine which model best fits the incoming information. Ultimately, consistent configurations of schemata are discovered which, in concert, offer the best account for the input. This configuration of schemata together constitutes the interpretation of the input. (Rumelhart, Smolensky, McClelland & Hinton, 1986, pp. 17-18)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Schemata
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